Popular books or articles
Joseph Wood Krutch: The Forgotten Peninsula: A Naturalist in Baja California. William Sloane Associates, New York, 1961. See chapters 5 and esp. 6: “A closer look at the Boojum”
About 1951, from Krutch: Article with photos in Desert Magazine.National Geographic, 2006? Has photos.
Websites
Good blog on taxonomy with entry on cirio, w above 3 refs here.
Boojum is listed in Cites appendix II here.
Wikipedia--boojum tree
Wikipedia--fouqueriaciae (very good)
Very good page on UNAM website:
Short description
Short but good description
Same
Same … says one of strangest plants on earth, …science fiction.
Forum with photos of people who have cirios and other fouquieria in their gardens, here.
Article by Root Gorelick about “Fouquieria burragei: a rare species from southern Baja”, some incidential info about cirios, including that they are one of the three species in the genus which have polyploidy. here
An excellent and very thorough text on the Sonoran desert, where the cirio lives. See #96. link
www.cactusplaza.com (Europe)
www.cactusstore.com (US) 25 for $8.25
Boojum is listed in Cites appendix II here.
Wikipedia--boojum tree
Wikipedia--fouqueriaciae (very good)
Very good page on UNAM website:
Short description
Short but good description
Same
Same … says one of strangest plants on earth, …science fiction.
Forum with photos of people who have cirios and other fouquieria in their gardens, here.
Article by Root Gorelick about “Fouquieria burragei: a rare species from southern Baja”, some incidential info about cirios, including that they are one of the three species in the genus which have polyploidy. here
An excellent and very thorough text on the Sonoran desert, where the cirio lives. See #96. link
Where to purchase seeds or plants
www.cactusplaza.com (Europe)
www.cactusstore.com (US) 25 for $8.25
B & T world seeds (Europe)
Small plants for $50 at place in Las Vegas
Very small plants for $8.00 here
Small plants for $50 at place in Las Vegas
Very small plants for $8.00 here
Scientific Articles
Bowers, Janice E.; & Mark A. Dimmitt. Flowering Phenology of Six Woody Plants in the Northern Sonoran Desert. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Volume 121, Issue 3 (July. -Sep., 1994), 215-229. Article mentions importance of phenology and studies the phenology of the Ocotillo, a relative of the cirio. PDF
Brandegee, T. S. 1889. A collection of plants from Baja California, 1889. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (series 2) 2:117–215.
Brandegee, T. S. 1893. Southern extension of California flora. Zoe 4:199–210.
Bullock, S. H. 1999. La vegetación del noroeste de Baja California en el contexto de la inestabilidad ambiental. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 72:501–516.
Bullock, S. H. 2003. Seasonality, spatial coherence and history of precipitation in a desert region of the Baja California Peninsula. Journal of Arid Environments 53:169–182.
Bullock, S. H. 2003. Seasonality, spatial coherence and history of precipitation in a desert region of the Baja California Peninsula. Journal of Arid Environments 53:169–182.
Clark, W.H., T.R. Van Devender, and E.M. Clark. 1992. Abnormal branch growth in Fouquieria columnaris (Kelly) Curran (boojum) and Pachycormus discolor (Benth.) Coville (elephant tree) in northwestern Mexico. Cactus and Succulent Journal 65(3):121-122. Link
Clavijero, Father Francisco. History of (Lower) California. See the short chapter on “Noxious and Grotesque Plants” for an accurate description of the cirio.
Franco-Vizcaino, Guillermo Goldstein, and Irwin P. Ting. 1990. Comparative Gas Exchange of Leaves and Bark in Three Stem Succulents of Baja California. Amer. J. Bot. 77 (10):1272-1278. See the abstract and first page here. About how cirios recycle respired carbon dioxide by photosynthesis in the green bark.
Clavijero, Father Francisco. History of (Lower) California. See the short chapter on “Noxious and Grotesque Plants” for an accurate description of the cirio.
Franco-Vizcaino, Guillermo Goldstein, and Irwin P. Ting. 1990. Comparative Gas Exchange of Leaves and Bark in Three Stem Succulents of Baja California. Amer. J. Bot. 77 (10):1272-1278. See the abstract and first page here. About how cirios recycle respired carbon dioxide by photosynthesis in the green bark.
Franco-Vizcaino, E., R. C. Graham, and E. B. Alexander. 1993. Plant species diversity and chemical properties of soils in the central desert of Baja California, Mexico. Soil Science 155:406–416.
Geuten, K., E. Smets, P. Schols, Y.-M. Yuan, S. Janssens, P. Küpfer & N. Pyck. 2004. Conflicting phylogenies of balsaminoid families and the polytomy in Ericales: combining data in a Bayesian framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 (2): 711-729.
Henrickson, R. 1972. A taxonomic revision of Fouquieriaceae. Aliso 7: 439–537.
Humphrey, R. R. 1935. A study of Idria columnaris and Fouquieria splendens. American Journal of Botany 22 (2): 184-207.
Humphrey, R. R. 1974. The boojum and its home: Idria columnar is Kellog and its ecological niche. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Humphrey, R. R. 1975. Phenology of selected Sonoran Desert plants at Punta Cirio, Sonora, Mexico. J. Arizona….
Nelson, 1921. From Franco-Viscaino et al, 1990. Nelson is the source of statement that cirios can survive 5 years without rain.
Peinado, Manuel (2007) A phytosociological and phytogeographical survey of the coastal vegetation of western North America. Part I: plant communities of Baja California, Mexico. Plant Ecology. Sample first page of article here.
Shreve, Forrest. Vegetation of the Sonoran Desert. <1961, from Krutch. Includes a distribution map.
Geuten, K., E. Smets, P. Schols, Y.-M. Yuan, S. Janssens, P. Küpfer & N. Pyck. 2004. Conflicting phylogenies of balsaminoid families and the polytomy in Ericales: combining data in a Bayesian framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 (2): 711-729.
Henrickson, R. 1972. A taxonomic revision of Fouquieriaceae. Aliso 7: 439–537.
Humphrey, R. R. 1935. A study of Idria columnaris and Fouquieria splendens. American Journal of Botany 22 (2): 184-207.
Humphrey, R. R. 1974. The boojum and its home: Idria columnar is Kellog and its ecological niche. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Humphrey, R. R. 1975. Phenology of selected Sonoran Desert plants at Punta Cirio, Sonora, Mexico. J. Arizona….
Nelson, 1921. From Franco-Viscaino et al, 1990. Nelson is the source of statement that cirios can survive 5 years without rain.
Peinado, Manuel (2007) A phytosociological and phytogeographical survey of the coastal vegetation of western North America. Part I: plant communities of Baja California, Mexico. Plant Ecology. Sample first page of article here.
Shreve, Forrest. Vegetation of the Sonoran Desert. <1961, from Krutch. Includes a distribution map.
Warren, D. K. 1979. Precipitation and Temperature as climatic determinants of the distribution of Fouquieria columnaris. Ph.D. Dissertation, Walden University, Mass. Warren first applied a statistical process to see which climatic variables had the most influence on affecting distribution of a plant. Has applications to predicting range changes from climate change.
Dominant Plant Species Response to Climate Change Project Bibliography: From a grant proposal. link
From a grant proposal. The URL for a PDF of the full propsal.
* * *
Journal Articles
Long-term growth rates of cirio (Fouquieria columnaris), a giant succulent of the Sonoran Desert in Baja California Martín Escoto-Rodrígueza Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
b Departamento de Ecología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Apartado Postal 2732, 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, México
c Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-4614, U.S.A.§ Corresponding author. Received 7 February 2001;
accepted 29 August 2001. ;
Available online 13 June 2002. AbstractFactors affecting temporal and spatial variations of growth were studied in cirio, a succulent often surpassing 10 m in height. Measurements were obtained for intervals of 3–93 years at 14 sites in Baja California. Height tended to be asymptotic but total plant length (i.e. including all succulent stems) increased in linear relation to trunk diameter. Growth in length showed an overall average of 4·6 cm year-1 but ranged from 0·3–16·7 cm year-1 (annualized from data for intervals >34 year). Most of the variation was among individuals, but some differences between sites were also significant. Growth was clearly and strongly related to size only for individuals less than 1 m in height. Repeated measures on the same individuals showed that the autocorrelation of growth was about 0·8 between intervals of 3 or more years. Differences among individuals were related to physiographic position, the presence of caliche and the density of neighboring plants, which together explained 43% of the variation. We discuss the implications of these results for age estimates, indicators of site quality and studies of similar plants. Author Keywords:
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URL of above: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WH9-4627NJ0-4&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1292180613&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=87f688116d61efc69c5d9b32b9a9d2eaStephen H. Bullock, Raymond M. Turner, J. Rodney Hastings, MartÍn Escoto-RodrÍguez, Zaira RamÍrez Apud López, José Luis Rodríguez-Navarro (2004) VARIANCE OF SIZE–AGE CURVES: BOOTSTRAPPING WITH AUTOCORRELATION. Ecology: Vol. 85, No. 8, pp. 2114-2117.
doi: 10.1890/03-3115
| Journal of Arid Environments Volume 50, Issue 4, April 2002, Pages 593-611 |
1,5, Raymond M. Turner2, J. Rodney Hastings2, MartÍn Escoto-RodrÍguez3, Zaira RamÍrez Apud López3, and José Luis Rodríguez-Navarro4 sbullock@cicese.mx http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/03-3115web URL of above: ……………………………….....................
The Southwestern Naturalist 53(1):61-73. 2008
doi: 10.1894/0038-4909(2008)53[61:FAVOAI]2.0.CO;2Flora and Vegetation of an Isolated Mountain Range in the Desert of Baja CaliforniaStephen H. BullockaDepartamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenda, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México (SHB, JMSC)
bSan Diego Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 121390, San Diego, CA 92112-1390 (JPR)
cColegio de la Frontera Norte, km 18.5 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22709 San Antonio del Mar, Baja California, México (HR) sbullock@cicese.mx*Correspondent: Associate Editor was Chris Lauver AbstractThe presence of species disjunct from more northern distributions and quantitative aspects of species associations were studied on the Sierra La Asamblea, an isolated range reaching 1,661 m elevation at about 29.3°N on the Baja California Peninsula. The flora above 800 m is composed of =299 species of tracheophytes, notably including Pinus monophylla and Adenostoma fasciculatum. Eighty-seven species are considered disjunct from more northern distributions, of which only 19 have affinity limited to the California Floristic Province. Data from 10 transects and adjacent flora show few species that are either broadly distributed or locally common, and both composition and structure differ from studies at lower elevations. Disjuncts were most common in association with P. monophylla. Range extensions (38) are reported, including three new records for the peninsula, and a floristic list is provided.
URL of above:http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1894/0038-4909(2008)53%5B61:FAVOAI%5D2.0.CO%3B2………………………………................................................
J. Schönenberger1
Received:
Abstract
Early floral development with focus on the androecium was studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy and serial microtome sectioning in Fouquieria columnaris and F. splendens. Perianth organs appear in a spiral pattern on the floral apex. The spiral may be a clockwise or anti-clockwise. The androecium is best interpreted as two-whorled with all the stamens arranged in a single series. In F. splendens, two or more of the five epipetalous stamen positions are doubled, i.e. they are occupied by stamen pairs. Unusual features in the floral development of Fouquieriaceae include (1) a strong spiral component even in whorled organ categories and (2) a pronouncedly asymmetric floral apex during an early phase of floral development. From a phylogenetic point of view, it seems plausible that the common ancestor of Fouquieriaceae and its sister family Polemoniaceae was characterized by two alternating, pentamerous stamen-whorls.From
Evaluating chloroplast DNA in prehistoric Texas coprolites: medicinal, dietary, or ambient ancient DNA? Karl J. ReinhardaSchool of Natural Resources, 309 Biochemistry Hall, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0758, USA
bLaboratório de Ecologia da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da FIOCRUZ, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, térreo – Manguinhos, CEP 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
cDepartment of Anthropology, PO Box 644910, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4910, USA
dLaboratorio de Genética Molecular de Microorganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilProbably human coprolites, prehistoric. Found fouquieriacae. Might be medicinal use, or pollen ingested, or from guts of game. Interesting. How relevant? Can’t tell.Received 4 October 2005;
revised 21 November 2007;
accepted 22 November 2007.
Available online 1 February 2008. AbstractMolecular analysis of coprolites from Hinds Cave, Texas recovered chloroplast DNA sequences. The sequences were interpreted as evidence of diet. We analyzed 19 Hinds Cave coprolites to evaluate the potential sources of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and compared our results to previous studies. This review shows that some cpDNA sequences could be from well-known prehistoric plants foods. Some other sequences could have come from ambient plant material in the guts of small animals eaten by humans in antiquity. Using pollen concentration analysis, we identify sources of ambient plant material which could have been inhaled or imbibed. It is even possible that cpDNA sequences are from proplastids within ambient pollen grains themselves. However, three sequence types cannot be explained as resulting from only dietary or ambient sources. We suggest instead that these might be from medicinal or hallucinogenic plants. We compared these three sequences to existing sequences in the GenBank. We found that these sequences are 100% matches for Rhamnus, Fouquieria, and Solanum.Source and A. Grenhagen1 a,*, J. Mario Salazar Ceseñaa, Jon P. Rebmanb, and Hugo Riemannc
The Southwestern Naturalist 53(1):61-73. 2008
doi: 10.1894/0038-4909(2008)53[61:FAVOAI]2.0.CO;2Flora and Vegetation of an Isolated Mountain Range in the Desert of Baja CaliforniaStephen H. BullockaDepartamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenda, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México (SHB, JMSC)
bSan Diego Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 121390, San Diego, CA 92112-1390 (JPR)
cColegio de la Frontera Norte, km 18.5 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22709 San Antonio del Mar, Baja California, México (HR) sbullock@cicese.mx*Correspondent: Associate Editor was Chris Lauver AbstractThe presence of species disjunct from more northern distributions and quantitative aspects of species associations were studied on the Sierra La Asamblea, an isolated range reaching 1,661 m elevation at about 29.3°N on the Baja California Peninsula. The flora above 800 m is composed of =299 species of tracheophytes, notably including Pinus monophylla and Adenostoma fasciculatum. Eighty-seven species are considered disjunct from more northern distributions, of which only 19 have affinity limited to the California Floristic Province. Data from 10 transects and adjacent flora show few species that are either broadly distributed or locally common, and both composition and structure differ from studies at lower elevations. Disjuncts were most common in association with P. monophylla. Range extensions (38) are reported, including three new records for the peninsula, and a floristic list is provided.
URL of above:http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1894/0038-4909(2008)53%5B61:FAVOAI%5D2.0.CO%3B2………………………………................................................
J. Schönenberger1
Received:
Abstract
Early floral development with focus on the androecium was studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy and serial microtome sectioning in Fouquieria columnaris and F. splendens. Perianth organs appear in a spiral pattern on the floral apex. The spiral may be a clockwise or anti-clockwise. The androecium is best interpreted as two-whorled with all the stamens arranged in a single series. In F. splendens, two or more of the five epipetalous stamen positions are doubled, i.e. they are occupied by stamen pairs. Unusual features in the floral development of Fouquieriaceae include (1) a strong spiral component even in whorled organ categories and (2) a pronouncedly asymmetric floral apex during an early phase of floral development. From a phylogenetic point of view, it seems plausible that the common ancestor of Fouquieriaceae and its sister family Polemoniaceae was characterized by two alternating, pentamerous stamen-whorls.From
Evaluating chloroplast DNA in prehistoric Texas coprolites: medicinal, dietary, or ambient ancient DNA? Karl J. ReinhardaSchool of Natural Resources, 309 Biochemistry Hall, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0758, USA
bLaboratório de Ecologia da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da FIOCRUZ, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, térreo – Manguinhos, CEP 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
cDepartment of Anthropology, PO Box 644910, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4910, USA
dLaboratorio de Genética Molecular de Microorganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilProbably human coprolites, prehistoric. Found fouquieriacae. Might be medicinal use, or pollen ingested, or from guts of game. Interesting. How relevant? Can’t tell.Received 4 October 2005;
revised 21 November 2007;
accepted 22 November 2007.
Available online 1 February 2008. AbstractMolecular analysis of coprolites from Hinds Cave, Texas recovered chloroplast DNA sequences. The sequences were interpreted as evidence of diet. We analyzed 19 Hinds Cave coprolites to evaluate the potential sources of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and compared our results to previous studies. This review shows that some cpDNA sequences could be from well-known prehistoric plants foods. Some other sequences could have come from ambient plant material in the guts of small animals eaten by humans in antiquity. Using pollen concentration analysis, we identify sources of ambient plant material which could have been inhaled or imbibed. It is even possible that cpDNA sequences are from proplastids within ambient pollen grains themselves. However, three sequence types cannot be explained as resulting from only dietary or ambient sources. We suggest instead that these might be from medicinal or hallucinogenic plants. We compared these three sequences to existing sequences in the GenBank. We found that these sequences are 100% matches for Rhamnus, Fouquieria, and Solanum.Source and A. Grenhagen1 a,*, J. Mario Salazar Ceseñaa, Jon P. Rebmanb, and Hugo Riemannc
| #(1) | Department of Botany, Stockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 5, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden |
………………………………..................a, , , Sergio M. Chavesb, John G. Jonesc and Alena M. Iñiguezd28 December 2004 Accepted: 10 March 2005 Published online: 22 June 2005
VARIANCE OF SIZE–AGE CURVES: BOOTSTRAPPING WITH AUTOCORRELATION Stephen H. Bullock1Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Apartado Postal 2732, 22800 Ensenada, Baja California, México
2U.S. Geological Survey, 520 North Park Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719 USA
3Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Apartado Postal 1880, 22800 Ensenada, Baja California, México
4Dirección de Telemática, C.I.C.E.S.E., Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico We modify a method of estimating size–age relations from a minimal set of individual increment data, recognizing that growth depends not only on size but also varies greatly among individuals and is consistent within an individual for several to many time intervals. The method is exemplified with data from a long-lived desert plant and a range of autocorrelation factors encompassing field-measured values. The results suggest that age estimates based on size and growth rates with only moderate autocorrelation are subject to large variation, which raises major problems for prediction or hindcasting for ecological analysis or management.
Keywords: age–size relations, Fouquieria, growth, population structure, serial autocorrelation, simulation models, uncertainty estimationReceived: August 12, 2003; Revised: March 9, 2004; Accepted: March 16, 2004
5 E-mail: growth analysis; age estimation; autocorrelation; size dependence; site index
2U.S. Geological Survey, 520 North Park Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719 USA
3Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Apartado Postal 1880, 22800 Ensenada, Baja California, México
4Dirección de Telemática, C.I.C.E.S.E., Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico We modify a method of estimating size–age relations from a minimal set of individual increment data, recognizing that growth depends not only on size but also varies greatly among individuals and is consistent within an individual for several to many time intervals. The method is exemplified with data from a long-lived desert plant and a range of autocorrelation factors encompassing field-measured values. The results suggest that age estimates based on size and growth rates with only moderate autocorrelation are subject to large variation, which raises major problems for prediction or hindcasting for ecological analysis or management.
Keywords: age–size relations, Fouquieria, growth, population structure, serial autocorrelation, simulation models, uncertainty estimationReceived: August 12, 2003; Revised: March 9, 2004; Accepted: March 16, 2004
5 E-mail: growth analysis; age estimation; autocorrelation; size dependence; site index
Franco-Vizcaino, Guillermo Goldstein, and Irwin P. Ting. 1990. Comparative Gas Exchange of Leaves and Bark in Three Stem Succulents of Baja California. Amer. J. Bot. 77 (10):1272-1278. See the abstract and first page here:
